The Southern Ocean, characterized by strong westerly winds and a rough sea state, exhibits the most pronounced sea spray effects. Sea spray ejected by ocean surface waves enhances …
As a cooling machine of the Arctic Ocean, the Barents Sea releases most of the incoming ocean heat originating from the North Atlantic. The related air-sea heat exchange plays a …
The simulation of the sea surface temperature (SST) seasonal cycle in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) is a longstanding problem in climate modeling. This study compares the …
We evaluate the performance of CMIP6 models in simulating Arctic and Antarctic sea ice extent. CMIP6 models generally capture the observed decline in Arctic sea ice and show …
Ocean surface waves are essential to navigation safety, coastal activities, and climate systems. Numerical simulations are still the primary methods used in wave climate research, …
The diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) is important for air-sea interactions but is often unresolved in ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) due to coarse vertical …
The Arctic sea ice minimum records appeared in the Septembers of 2007 and 2012, followed by high snow cover areas in the Northern Hemisphere winters. The snow cover distributions …
The 2015/16 El Niño was one of the strongest events on record. This paper reports on the real-time prediction of this event using the First Institute of Oceanography-Earth System …
An ensemble adjustment Kalman filter (EAKF) is used to assimilate Argo profiles of 2008 in a global version of the Modular Ocean Model version 4. Four assimilation experiments are …
