Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are extreme coherent ocean temperature events that can have devastating impacts on marine ecosystems and socio-economies. This study assesses the prediction …
This paper presents the description of the First Institute of Oceanography-Earth System Model version 2.1 (FIO-ESM v2.1) and evaluates its performance in simulating sea ice. …
The Southern Ocean, characterized by strong westerly winds and a rough sea state, exhibits the most pronounced sea spray effects. Sea spray ejected by ocean surface waves enhances …
Tropical biases, such as the cold tongue bias in the Pacific and the warm bias in the Atlantic, are persistent problems in coupled climate models. This paper investigates the …
